CHAPTER 4

Lesson 36 · Plurals

1 apple, many apples

There are many ways to form the plural from a singular in the Dutch language. 

For this introduction, we will focus on the most important groups. 

Providing an overview of all the possibilities at this point is overwhelming.

In Dutch, just like in English, once a noun is in its plural form, the word remains the same regardless of the specific number of items, as long as it's more than one.

For instance:
Singular: "appel" (apple)
Plural: "appels" (1 apple, 2 apples, 3 apples, 4 apples....)

Here are some examples.

Plurals ending with -s

Singularde lepel
Pluralde lepels

the spoon, the spoons

Singularde tafel
Pluralde tafels

the table, the tables

Singularde appel
Pluralde appels

the apple, the apples

Singularde vogel
Pluralde vogels

the bird, the birds

Plurals in -en: double the s

Singularhet mes
Pluralde messen

the knife, the knives

Singularde fles
Pluralde flessen

the bottle,  the bottles

Singularde bes
Pluralde bessen

the berry,  the berries

Notice that with a "het-word" the plural always uses "de"

Plurals in -en: s changes to z

Singularhet huis
Pluralde huizen

the house, the houses

Singularde neus
Pluralde neuzen

the nose, the noses

Singularhet glas
Pluralde glazen

the glass (to drink) ,  the glasses (to drink)

Singularde doos
Pluralde dozen

the box,  the boxes

Plurals ending with -en

Singularhet paard
Pluralde paarden

the horse, the horses

Singularde kast
Pluralde kasten

the cupboard,  the cupboards

Singularhet bord
Pluralde borden

the plate, the plates

Singularde stoel
Pluralde stoelen

the chair, the chairs

Plurals in -en: double the final consonant

Singularde klok
Pluralde klokken

the clock, the clocks

Singularde fles
Pluralde flessen

the bottle,  the bottles

Singularde ster
Pluralde sterren

the star, the stars

Singularde pet
Pluralde petten

the cap, the caps

Again words ending with -en

With many plurals ending in -en, the spelling changes to keep the same vowel sound. Raam → ramen keeps the long aa sound: ra-men has an open first syllable. Compare boom → bomen, poot → poten and muur → muren.

A short vowel can require a doubled consonant: pot → potten, klok → klokken. In bloem → bloemen, oe stays unchanged. Some nouns do change their vowel sound, such as dag → dagen; learn those separately.

Singularde boom
Pluralde bomen

the tree, the trees

Singularhet been
Pluralde benen

the leg, the legs

Singularde muur
Pluralde muren

the wall, the walls

Singularhet raam
Pluralde ramen

the window, the windows

To give you an idea of ​​other rules, we will limit ourselves to giving some examples.

baby: singular "baby", plural " baby's"

taxi: singular "taxi", plural "taxi's"

child: singular "kind", plural "kinderen"

egg: singular "ei", plural "eieren" 

calf: singular "kalf, plural "kalveren""

Indicating "how many"

Dutch also has words to refer to many objects. Here are some commonly used terms in Dutch that serve this purpose:

1. I have many books

2. there is a lot of water

The Dutch equivalent for "several"

Enkele means a few or several. It indicates a small, unspecified number rather than a fixed minimum number.

I have invited several friends

A large amount or number

The Dutch expression "heel veel" or "een hoop" is used to emphasize a particularly large number.
"Er waren heel veel mensen". (There were very many people).

1. I have a lot of work to do

The Dutch word "talloos" means "countless" and is used to describe a very large, uncountable amount.

2. there are countless stars in the sky

The Dutch word "diverse"

While this can mean "various", it also implies "several" or "a number of" when used with countable nouns.

I have read several books this year

Test

Say the Dutch singular and plural. Open the answer, then listen and repeat.

the spoon, the spoons

Show Dutch answerde lepel → de lepels

the table, the tables

Show Dutch answerde tafel → de tafels

the apple, the apples

Show Dutch answerde appel → de appels

the bird, the birds

Show Dutch answerde vogel → de vogels

the knife, the knives

Show Dutch answerhet mes → de messen

the bottle,  the bottles

Show Dutch answerde fles → de flessen

the berry,  the berries

Show Dutch answerde bes → de bessen

the horse, the horses

Show Dutch answerhet paard → de paarden

the cupboard,  the cupboards

Show Dutch answerde kast → de kasten

the plate, the plates

Show Dutch answerhet bord → de borden

the chair, the chairs

Show Dutch answerde stoel → de stoelen

the house, the houses

Show Dutch answerhet huis → de huizen

the nose, the noses

Show Dutch answerde neus → de neuzen

the glass (to drink) ,  the glasses (to drink)

Show Dutch answerhet glas → de glazen

the box,  the boxes

Show Dutch answerde doos → de dozen

the clock, the clocks

Show Dutch answerde klok → de klokken

the bottle,  the bottles

Show Dutch answerde fles → de flessen

the star, the stars

Show Dutch answerde ster → de sterren

the cap, the caps

Show Dutch answerde pet → de petten

the tree, the trees

Show Dutch answerde boom → de bomen

the leg, the legs

Show Dutch answerhet been → de benen

the wall, the walls

Show Dutch answerde muur → de muren

the window, the windows

Show Dutch answerhet raam → de ramen

What is the Dutch sentence?

I have many books

There is a lot of water

I have invited several friends

I have a lot of work to do

there are countless stars in the sky

I have read several books this year

Check your understanding

Say or write your answer first. Then open the answer to check.

Make plural: maan; man.
manen; mannen